Ancient Mesopotamian climate was relatively harsh. Temperatures averaged 120˚ Fahrenheit. The Tigris and Euphrates both flooded irregularly causing massive destruction. While it was harsh when it was controlled the river valley was extremely fertile. Farmers were able to grow all kinds of crops, including: Wheat; Barley; Sesame; Flax; & assorted fruits and vegetables. They accumulated a large crop surplus. The large surplus allowed for specialization. This led to many important advancements. These were: the wheel; the sailboat; the first written language (cuneiform); & dividing time into twelve months. While it was harsh the valley was fertile enough to contribute to most early scientific advancements.